What is the reason elements with atomic mass numbers divisible by 4 are more abundant in the universe?

The abundance of elements with atomic mass numbers divisible by 4 can be attributed primarily to the processes that occur in high-mass stars, particularly through helium capture reactions. In the interiors of massive stars, helium (which has an atomic mass of 4) is fused with other nuclei through a sequence of nuclear reactions. For example, helium can combine with other elements, such as carbon and oxygen, to create heavier elements like beryllium and carbon itself can continue to undergo fusion to produce elements like oxygen and neon. This nucleosynthesis is significant during the later stages of a star's life, particularly in supergiant stars, leading to a higher prevalence of these specific mass numbers in the cosmos.

During the Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the primary products were hydrogen, helium, and trace amounts of lithium and beryllium. While some elements with atomic mass numbers divisible by 4, such as helium, originated from this process, it does not explain the overall abundance of elements beyond hydrogen and helium. Similarly, the stability of certain elements does contribute to their prevalence in some contexts but is not the fundamental reason for their higher abundance relative to mass numbers. Lastly, while supernova explosions do create and disseminate heavy elements throughout the universe,