What is one alternative explanation for the phenomena attributed to dark matter?

The alternative explanation suggesting that our understanding of gravity may be incomplete on large scales is rooted in the recognition that current gravitational theories, particularly General Relativity, may not fully account for the dynamics observed in galaxies and large-scale structures of the universe. The discrepancies between the predicted and observed rotations of galaxies, as well as the clustering of galaxies, have led some scientists to propose that the effects attributed to dark matter might instead arise from a modified understanding of how gravity behaves in these extreme conditions.

This idea is encapsulated in theories such as Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) or other relativistic extensions. These theories challenge the necessity of invoking dark matter to explain the gravitational interactions within galaxies and the large-scale structure of the universe, suggesting that gravity could operate differently on cosmological scales than what is currently understood.

Other options, while they propose interesting concepts, do not directly address the core issue at hand regarding the gravitational behavior of matter on large scales. For example, dark energy primarily pertains to the accelerated expansion of the universe rather than the gravitational interactions at galactic scales. Unaccounted cosmic particles that interact with light could still be part of the dark matter narrative rather than a standalone alternative. Misinterpretation of the cosmic microwave background might affect our understanding of the